点人溯事 · 历史人物生平行迹专题（第 3 / 7 篇）
诸葛亮出山北伐行迹（207年 — 234年 · 东汉建安十二年至蜀汉建兴十二年）
Zhuge Liang's Southern & Northern Campaigns (207 CE – 234 CE · Late Eastern Han to Three Kingdoms)
时代跨度：207年 — 234年 · 东汉建安十二年至蜀汉建兴十二年
途经站点：共 11 站
起点 → 终点：隆中 → 五丈原
全线途经古今地名：隆中（今湖北襄阳） → 柴桑（今江西九江） → 赤壁（今湖北赤壁） → 成都（今四川成都） → 成都（今四川成都） → 白帝城（今重庆奉节） → 滇池（今云南昆明） → 汉中（今陕西汉中） → 祁山（今甘肃礼县） → 木门道（今甘肃天水西南） → 五丈原（今陕西宝鸡岐山）。
Route Stops: Longzhong (Xiangyang, Hubei) → Chaisang (Jiujiang, Jiangxi) → Red Cliffs (Chibi, Hubei) → Chengdu (Chengdu, Sichuan) → Chengdu (Chengdu, Sichuan) → Baidicheng (Fengjie, Chongqing) → Dianchi (Kunming, Yunnan) → Hanzhong (Hanzhong, Shaanxi) → Mount Qi (Lixian, Gansu) → Mumen Trail (Tianshui SW, Gansu) → Wuzhang Plains (Qishan, Baoji, Shaanxi).
诸葛亮出山北伐行迹 · 逐站时空坐标、古今地名与史料诗词详解（11 站）
刘备三顾襄阳隆中草庐，年二十七的诸葛亮纵论天下，献跨有荆益、联吴抗曹之《隆中对》。
Visited thrice by Liu Bei at his cottage in Longzhong, the 27-year-old Zhuge Liang unveiled the Longzhong Plan to secure Jing and Yi provinces.
诸葛亮《出师表》：“臣本布衣，躬耕于南阳，苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯。先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顾臣于草庐之中。”Zhuge Liang, Former Chu Shi Biao: "I was originally a commoner, tilling the fields in Nanyang... Yet the Late Emperor did not disdain my humble station and deigned to visit me thrice in my thatched cottage."
当阳长坂败后临危请命东下柴桑说孙权，剖析曹军远来疲弊、不习水战，促成孙刘同盟。
After the rout at Changban, Zhuge Liang sailed to Chaisang and persuaded Sun Quan to forge the Sun–Liu alliance against Cao Cao.
《三国志·诸葛亮传》：“权大悦，即遣周瑜、程普、鲁肃等水军三万，随亮诣先主，并力拒曹公。”Records of the Three Kingdoms: "Sun Quan was greatly pleased and immediately dispatched Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu, and Lu Su with thirty thousand naval troops to join Liu Bei against Cao Cao."
孙刘联军于赤壁乌林火烧曹军连环船，水陆并进追击至南郡，奠定三分天下之基。
Allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei burned Cao Cao’s chained fleet at the Red Cliffs, forging the tripartite balance.
《三国志·诸葛亮传》：“曹公败于赤壁，引军归邺。先主遂收江南，以亮为军师中郎将。”Records of the Three Kingdoms: "Defeated at the Red Cliffs, Cao Cao withdrew to Ye; Liu Bei secured southern Jing Province and appointed Zhuge Liang General of the Household."
与张飞、赵云自荆州溯江入蜀，分定郡县与刘备合围成都；蜀平后署左将军府事，制定《蜀科》。
Leading reinforcements up the Yangtze with Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun, he converged on Chengdu with Liu Bei and codified the legal code of Shu.
《三国志·诸葛亮传》：“亮与张飞、赵云等率众泝江，分定郡县，与先主共围成都。成都平，以亮为军师将军。”Records of the Three Kingdoms: "Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, and Zhao Yun led forces up the Yangtze, pacifying commanderies and counties before joining Liu Bei to encircle Chengdu."
曹丕篡汉后劝进刘备于成都武担山南称帝延续汉统，拜丞相、录尚书事，总摄蜀汉朝政。
After Cao Pi usurped the Han throne, Zhuge Liang advised Liu Bei to proclaim Shu Han in Chengdu, serving as Imperial Chancellor.
册丞相诏：“朕遭家不造，奉承大统，兢兢业业，不敢康宁，思靖百姓，惧未能绥。於戏！丞相亮其悉朕意。”Imperial Edict of 221 CE: "Having inherited the Great Succession in troubled times, I rely wholeheartedly upon Chancellor Liang to bring peace to the realm."
刘备夷陵败后病笃永安白帝城，召亮托孤；亮涕泣受命，回朝开府治事、遣邓芝修好东吴。
Summoned to the dying Emperor Liu Bei’s bedside at Baidicheng, Zhuge Liang accepted the regency and restored the alliance with Wu.
诸葛亮《出师表》：“受任于败军之际，奉命于危难之间，尔来二十有一年矣。”Zhuge Liang, Former Chu Shi Biao: "I received my appointment in the hour of defeat and accepted my mandate in the midst of peril—twenty-one years have passed since then."
五月渡泸水南征，采马谡“攻心为上”之策七擒七纵孟获，平定南中四郡，终亮之世南方不复反。
Marching south across the Lu River, he adopted the strategy of winning hearts—capturing and releasing Meng Huo seven times to pacify Nanzhong.
《汉晋春秋》：“亮笑，纵使更战，七纵七禽，而亮犹遣获。获止不去，曰：‘公，天威也，南人不复反矣。’”Annals of Han and Jin: "Captured and released seven times, Meng Huo bowed and refused to leave, saying: 'Your Excellency possesses the majesty of Heaven; the south will never rebel again.'"
率军北驻汉中沔阳经略关陇，临发向后主刘禅奏呈《出师表》，勉以亲贤远佞、兴复汉室。
Establishing forward headquarters at Hanzhong, Zhuge Liang presented his immortal Memorial on Deploying the Troops before marching north.
诸葛亮《出师表》：“今南方已定，兵甲已足，当奖率三军，北定中原，庶竭驽钝，攘除奸凶，兴复汉室，还于旧都。”Zhuge Liang, Former Chu Shi Biao: "Now the south is pacified and our armor is sufficient; I ought to lead the Three Armies to secure the Central Plains and restore the House of Han."
亲率大军攻祁山，南安、天水、安定三郡叛魏响应并收姜维；惜马谡失街亭，乃拔西县还汉中自贬。
Debouching from Mount Qi, he won over three Wei commanderies and recruited Jiang Wei before Ma Su’s defeat at Jieting forced withdrawal.
《三国志·诸葛亮传》：“亮身率诸军攻祁山，戎阵整齐，赏罚肃而号令明，南安、天水、安定三郡叛魏应亮，关中响震。”Records of the Three Kingdoms: "Zhuge Liang led the armies in person to attack Mount Qi in disciplined ranks; Nan'an, Tianshui, and Anding commanderies defected from Wei to join him, shaking all Guanzhong."
以木牛运粮四出祁山，于卤城大破司马懿；退军时于木门道乘高布伏，万弩齐发射杀魏将张郃。
Using wooden-ox transport on his fourth northern campaign, he routed Sima Yi at Lucheng and ambushed pursuing general Zhang He at Mumen Trail.
《三国志·诸葛亮传》：“亮粮尽退军，司马宣王遣张郃追之，郃进至木门，与亮军交战，飞矢中郃右膝，薨。”Records of the Three Kingdoms: "When Zhuge Liang withdrew for lack of grain, Sima Yi sent Zhang He in pursuit; at Mumen Trail, a flying bolt struck Zhang He in the right knee, and he perished."
率十万军出斜谷据五丈原屯田，与司马懿渭南相持百余日，八月积劳病逝军中，年五十四。
Leading 100,000 troops through Xie Valley to the Wuzhang Plains, he farmed and held off Sima Yi for over 100 days before dying in camp at 54.
杜甫《蜀相》：“三顾频烦天下计，两朝开济老臣心。出师未捷身先死，长使英雄泪满襟。”Du Fu, The Chancellor of Shu: "Three visits sought his counsel for the realm; through two reigns the old minister’s heart sustained the state. Before the campaign triumphed he died in the field, forever filling heroes’ robes with tears."